5^th International Conference on Diabetes and Clinical Endocrinology October 3-4, 2016 Toronto, Canada

The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. There are multiple levels of metabolic regulation. In intrinsic regulation, the metabolic pathway self-regulates to respond to changes in the levels of substrates or products a decrease in the amount of product can increase the flux through the pathway to compensate. This type of regulation often involves allosteric regulation of the activities of multiple enzymes in the pathway. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by them, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Hormonal pathways maintain homeostasis, and adjustments in secretion usually result in changes that will help maintain the status quo. In addition, secretion and activity of particular hormones may be adjusted upward or downward in response to challenges such as chronic stress, disease, or change in nutritional values. 

The Endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones that help control many important body functions, including the body's ability to change calories into energy that powers cells and organs. The Endocrine system influences how your heart beats, how your bones and tissues grow, even your ability to make a baby. It plays a vital role in whether or not you develop diabetes, thyroid disease, growth disorders, sexual dysfunction, and a host of other hormone-related disorders. Endocrine disease that results when a gland produces too much or too little of an endocrine hormone, called a hormone imbalance. Endocrine disease is due to the development of lesions (such as nodules or tumors) in the endocrine system, which may or may not affect hormone levels. Endocrine disorders may be symptomless or mild enough to not require treatment. Surgery or radiation therapy may be used. Often, diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause of the endocrine disorder will resolve the symptoms.

The gland needs specific vitamins and minerals to properly do its job. Since we are all unique in how our hormones are functioning where individual levels may be off balance. Research shows us that there are a few key nutrients that are highly valuable for everyone. Some nutrients heavily influence the function of the thyroid gland, and certain foods can inhibit your body's ability to absorb the replacement hormones. There's no such thing as a hypothyroidism diet that will make you well, but eating smart can help you feel better despite the condition. There are many ways to support health easily and naturally, utilizing food and nutrients to encourage proper functioning. The way we eat can actually help, or hurt, our Endocrine System. The nutrients our endocrine system needs are easily accessible in many foods and dietary supplements. With the right information, we can make simple choices to improve health.

Other symptoms such as behaviour changes, changes in school performance, and persistent belly pain may also be present. When the gland produces too much thyroid hormone (overactive), the condition is called hyperthyroidism. When the gland produces too little thyroid hormone (underactive), the condition is called hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone can also lead to   Hypothyroidism in new born. Women are more likely than men to have thyroid disease. One in eight women will develop thyroid problems during her lifetime. For example, women are at particularly high risk for developing thyroid disorders following Infertility, Miscarriage & Complications during pregnancy & childbirth. And more over Diabetes is the most common medical complication during pregnancy, representing 3.3% of all live births. No matter what type of Diabetes you have, there are many steps you and your health care team can take in order to have a safe and healthy pregnancy. In women, thyroid diseases can cause problems with your menstrual period, Problems getting pregnant, Problems during pregnancy. 

TSH tests, Blood tests and other test to measure thyroid function are readily available and widely used. To understand a test's scientific basis and what it can tell us, a quick review of the glands pathophysiology is in order. The Endocrine test and TRH stimulation test is the best initial test of thyroid function. In clinical practice, three basic scenarios indicate a need for laboratory and statistical analysis of thyroid function: (1) suspicion of thyroid disease based on clinical signs and symptoms (2) Thyroid scan and imaging (3) evaluation of treatment for thyroid disease. The Medical case reports have role diseases. They can also help understand the clinical spectrum of rare diseases, as well as unusual presentations of common diseases. They can help generate study hypotheses, including plausible mechanisms. Case reports may also have a role to play in guiding the personalization of disorders and treatments in clinical practice.

Endocrine surgery is a specialized surgical field where procedures are performed on Endocrine glands to achieve a hormonal or anti-hormonal effect in the body. Almost always, this entails operating to remove a tumor which has grown on or within an endocrine gland. A common approach is endoscopic endonasal surgery. The field of Endocrine surgery typically comprises surgery for the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and adrenal glands. The most common Endocrine surgery operation is removal of the thyroid (thyroidectomy), followed by parathyroid surgery (parathyroidectomy), and followed by the rare operation on the adrenal gland (adrenalectomy). Although not typically referred to as Endocrine surgery, it could be argured that surgery of the pituitary gland, testicles, ovaries, and pancreas are also forms of endocrine surgery since these glands are hormone producing glands as well. More classically, however, only thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal surgery are thought of as "endocrine surgery" with pituitary surgery typically thought of as a form of neurosurgery; testicle surgery typically thought of as urologic surgery; ovary surgery typically thought of as a form of gynecologic surgery; and pancreatic surgery typically thought of as oncology surgery.

More recent research has led to increased understanding of the mechanisms underlying the body’s loss of sensitivity to insulin (commonly called insulin resistance) in type 2 diabetes and the development of new treatments for these individuals. For example, there is evidence to suggest that exercise and weight reduction both decrease insulin resistance. In fact, numerous studies including a landmark study funded by the NIH (the Diabetes Prevention Program), have shown that these two interventions increase sensitivity to insulin and reduce the development of diabetes in people with pre-diabetes. The prevention of diabetes improves the quality and length of life, but while reducing healthcare costs substantially. In addition, researchers have discovered new medications that improve blood sugar control and reduce the incidence of diabetes and its complications.

The metabolism of T3 and T4 combination therapy into active and inactive intermediates involves the action of 3 types of deiodinases. Recent studies of common genetic variations in deiodinase and thyroid hormone transport proteins offer fresh insights in understanding the variable response to thyroid hormone therapy and future research may clarify whether subsets of patients will benefit from challenges and improvements to combination therapy. Despite significant challenges, opportunities abound for improving the Thyroid Treatment Augments Psychiatric Therapy and also Improvements of Reproductive, Neuro-endocrinology or Neuroendocrine Function in Hypothalamic.

Disorders of the Endocrine system and metabolism, such as Diabetes Mellitus and hypothyroidism, may have wide-ranging, serious effects, and in some cases may be fatal if left untreated. Drug treatments can control the symptoms of these disorders and in many cases restore normal health to affected people. Drugs that replace, inhibit, or stimulate some of the many hormones produced by the pituitary gland, which is the major hormone-secreting gland in the body, are covered next. Someone may need more supplements like protein or fats in their diet, while another may do better on a diet based mainly on vegetables. Seafoods, including seaweeds, are important sources of iodine, which is crucial to thyroid health and for preventing Thyroid disorders. Goiters used to be much more commonplace in our society until iodine was added to salt.